2024房顫合併心衰診療進展,JACC最新綜述不容錯過

2024房顫合併心衰診療進展,JACC最新綜述不容錯過

*僅供醫學專業人士閱讀參考

9點講清楚!

撰文丨孫鐵男

導讀

心力衰竭(以下簡稱)和心房顫動(以下簡稱房顫)是常見的心血管疾病,兩者常常同時出現,互為因果。在心衰患者中,房顫的患病率約為50%,合併房顫的心衰患者的症狀常常會更嚴重,住院頻率更高、預後更差。最近,

JACC
一篇綜述詳細闡述了心衰患者使用GDMT藥物對房顫的發生率的影響,以及是否合併房顫對心衰患者GDMT效果的差異 [1] ,一起來看看吧。

圖1:心衰患者發生房顫的機制

和血管緊張素受體阻滯劑(ACEI/ARB)

心衰的特徵之一是交感神經系統和腎素-血管緊張素-醛固酮系統(RAAS)的啟用。血管緊張素II透過與其受體結合,增加血管阻力,促進心肌纖維化,導致房顫,同時,血管緊張素II還透過促進心臟成纖維細胞增殖和影響心房肌細胞電生活動來增加房顫的易感性。ACEI/ARB抑制RAAS系統活性,降低射血分數從而降低心衰(HFrEF)患者的死亡率,是心衰藥物治療的基石[2]。

在房顫預防方面,儘管ACEI在預防患者房顫發生率方面的作用還不明確,但在心衰患者中,它們能減少房顫的發生和相關住院及死亡[3]。另外,在房顫是否影響其心衰治療效果方面,無論是否有房顫,坎地沙坦等ARBs都能降低心衰患者的死亡或心衰住院風險[4]。

血管緊張素-腦啡肽酶抑制劑(ARNI)

ARNI是一種結合了血管緊張素受體拮抗劑和腦啡肽酶抑制劑的藥物,透過改善心房鈣處理異常,減少心臟重構和纖維化,延長心房不應期,並降低心臟標誌物水平,對減少房顫的發生有潛在益處。在降低HFrEF患者的死亡率方面,其效果優於ACEI[5]。

此外,該藥物對射血分數保留(HFpEF)或射血分數中間範圍(HFmrEF)心衰的患者同樣有效。雖然在既往一些觀察性研究中,ARNI並沒有降低房顫發病率,但一些小型研究提示ARNI可能有助於心房逆重構[6,7]。在房顫和非房顫人群的效果方面,針對心衰患者的大型隨機對照試驗事後分析表明,是否有房顫並不影響ARNI對心衰患者的獲益[8,9]。

β受體阻滯劑

β受體阻滯劑可減輕HFrEF患者症狀,降低其死亡率和住院率。β受體阻滯劑透過啟用腺苷酸環化酶,增加細胞內鈣濃度,產生正性變時和變力效應。同時,β受體阻滯劑還能減少心房不良重構,降低左房壓,減少心房缺血和纖維化,從而預防房顫。CAPRICORN研究結果顯示,卡維地洛能降低房顫發生率[10]。但對HFmrEF和HFpEF患者,β受體阻滯劑是否減少新發房顫尚不明確。

在房顫和非房顫患者的效果差異方面,有薈萃分析提示,β受體阻滯劑在HFrEF患者中的獲益可能受到房顫影響[11,12],但一些觀察性研究顯示,房顫的心衰患者患者也可從β受體阻滯劑治療獲益[13,14]。

值得注意的是,這些研究也存在侷限性,如房顫的診斷僅基於單次的心電圖測量,可能忽略一些陣發房顫的患者、未考慮NYHA心功能分類或β受體阻滯劑劑量等因素。因此,β受體阻滯劑在心衰合併房顫患者中的確切作用,仍需更多研究明確,未來可能需要更多大型隨機試驗來進一步驗證。

醛固酮受體拮抗劑(MRA)

在心衰患者中,RAAS啟用導致醛固酮過量釋放,與鹽皮質激素受體結合,引起水鈉瀦留、血壓升高及促炎和促纖維化反應。醛固酮受體拮抗劑(MRAs)可以減HFrEF心衰住院和死亡,但在HFpEF患者中效果不明顯。高醛固酮與房顫直接相關,動物實驗顯示醛固酮可透過影響心房傳導和纖維化,直接促進房顫的發生[15]。

EMPHASIS-HF研究顯示,依普利酮可以減少心衰患者新發房顫和心血管死亡或心衰住院的風險[16]。新型MRAs如非奈利酮可減少2型糖尿病和慢性腎病患者中房顫和心衰的發生[17,18],在HFpEF患者中的效果還在進一步的研究中。

鈉-葡萄糖協同轉運蛋白-2抑制劑(SGLT-2i)

無論是否合併糖尿病,鈉-葡萄糖協同轉運蛋白-2抑制劑(SGLT-2i)均能降低心衰患者的死亡率和再住院率[19]。SGLT-2i透過多種機制發揮作用:利尿作用降低血容量和血壓,減輕心臟負荷;增加迴圈酮體和血紅蛋白水平,改善心肌能量供應和氧氣輸送;直接抑制心肌鈉-氫交換器,最佳化線粒體功能,降低氧化應激和心律失常風險。此外,SGLT-2i可能透過調節交感和副交感神經活動,減少房顫的發生。

在DECLARE-TIMI 58試驗中,達格列淨顯著降低了房顫和房撲事件[20],而在DAPA-HF試驗中,儘管達格列淨未能減少心衰患者的新發房顫,但對於有無房顫的患者,其獲益相同[21]。同樣的,在HFpEF患者中,EMPEROR-Preserved和DELIVER試驗的證據表明,恩格列淨和達格列淨雖未降低新發房顫,但對心衰住院或心血管死亡的主要複合終點有獲益,且這些獲益不受房顫狀態影響[22,23]。


地高辛

地高辛透過抑制心肌細胞內的鈉-鉀ATP酶,增加細胞內鈣濃度,加強心肌收縮力。同時,它還具有減緩心率的迷走神經樣效應,適合對房顫患者的心室率控制。

DIG試驗顯示,地高辛能減少心衰患者的住院次數,但對死亡率無影響[24]。在心衰合併房顫的人群中,地高辛的效果不一。AFFIRM試驗的事後分析發現,地高辛可能增加心衰合併房顫患者的全因和心血管死亡率[25]。而瑞典心衰註冊研究則顯示,地高辛能減少心衰合併房顫患者的住院和死亡風險,但未患房顫的心衰患者使用地高辛可能面臨更高的住院和死亡風險[26]。

伊伐佈雷定

伊伐佈雷定是選擇性、特異性竇房結If通道抑制劑,僅產生負性變時效應,不影響心臟其他受體或通道。SHIFT試驗顯示,伊伐佈雷定能減少心衰患者心衰住院和心血管死亡風險,但可能增加房顫風險[28],其潛在機制是伊伐佈雷定可能透過影響肺靜脈中的If通道,影響房顫的發生和維持[29]。EDIFY試驗結果表明伊伐佈雷定未增加HFpEF患者房顫發病率,但該試驗規模較小[30],還需要更進一步的研究證實。


其他藥物

維立西呱作為可溶性鳥苷酸環化酶激動劑,可降低心衰患者心血管死亡和心衰住院風險,但對房顫發生率無影響,房顫的存在與否也對維立西呱的效果沒有影響[31,32]。Omecamtiv mecarbil可調節心臟收縮力,雖降低心衰事件風險,但在房顫患者中可能效果受限,且與地高辛合用時可能增加不良事件[33]。GLP-1受體激動劑如司美格魯肽改善HFpEF患者生活質量和運動能力,但對房顫的影響尚不明確[34,35]。

節律控制

現有證據顯示,節律控制能夠降低房顫患者死亡率,並且在房顫合併心衰患者中同樣獲益。在CABANA和CASTLE-AF等試驗中,接受導管消融的心衰患者死亡和心血管事件的風險顯著降低[36,37]。對於心衰合併房顫的患者,無論是透過導管消融還是抗心律失常藥物,節律控制策略都對預後具有改善作用。

然而,抗心律失常藥物在心衰患者中的應用常常受到限制,通常只能使用胺碘酮。此外,心臟再同步治療作為心衰治療的重要手段,在合併房顫的心衰患者中,其效果可能會受到影響。

總結

房顫在心衰患者中普遍存在,並與不良的預後緊密相關。雖然存在一些爭議,但GDMT治療對降低心衰患者房顫的發病率和降低心衰合併房顫患者的死亡率具有積極作用。對於HFpEF和HFmrEF患者,GDMT和節律控制策略同樣有效。有證據顯示,對於HFrEF患者,節律控制和導管消融房顫均可以改善預後[36,37],對於HFpEF患者,導管消融是否減少心血管事件仍在研究中。因此,對於合併心衰和房顫的患者,建議應儘早啟動GDMT,並考慮實施節律控制治療。

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